Circuit boards are a common part of many modern electrical systems and devices, serving as a thin, rigid board where multiple circuit elements can be embedded and connected with ease. Using a circuit board, one can better ensure proper electrical energy transfer between electrical components, as well as reduce the overall size of an assembly with compact construction. Countless electronics rely on some form of circuit board, their applications ranging from printers to modern smart devices. With the progressive electrification of aircraft, spacecraft, and other such vehicles, aerospace applications often rely on circuit boards now for the functionality of control towers, satellites, shuttles, and much more. As conditions are often intense high up in the atmosphere or within space, these printed circuit boards must be designed to take on various stressors while avoiding losses in performance or shortened lifespans.

When it comes to constructing any vehicle, the implementation of brakes may be one of the first elements that comes to mind. However, in the case of airplanes, not every person understands how such braking systems work. Airplanes have disc brakes similar to those used in cars, but in aircraft, such components must be designed to accommodate tremendous loads to make takeoff and landing operations possible. Additionally, these brakes allow aircraft to stop within the length of a runway, and to achieve this, disc brakes are often used. Moreover, when landing, some planes also utilize thrust reversers, spoilers, and flaps to slow down their speed, only activating wheel brakes once the aircraft hits the ground. To better understand how different aircraft safely come to a halt, we will discuss the function of landing gear and air brakes.